first init

2025-11-07 13:47:24 +08:00
parent f4180852ba
commit 9831b4b948
30 changed files with 9185 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/examples/tcp_server.go
+++ b/examples/tcp_server.go
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/simonvetter/modbus"
+)
+
+const (
+	MINUS_ONE	int16 = -1
+)
+
+/*
+* Simple modbus server example.
+* 
+* This file is intended to be a demo of the modbus server.
+* It shows how to create and start a server, as well as how
+* to write a handler object.
+* Feel free to use it as boilerplate for simple servers.
+*/
+
+// run this with go run examples/tcp_server.go
+func main() {
+	var server	*modbus.ModbusServer
+	var err		error
+	var eh		*exampleHandler
+	var ticker	*time.Ticker
+
+	// create the handler object
+	eh = &exampleHandler{}
+
+	// create the server object
+	server, err = modbus.NewServer(&modbus.ServerConfiguration{
+		// listen on localhost port 5502
+		URL:		"tcp://localhost:5502",
+		// close idle connections after 30s of inactivity
+		Timeout:	30 * time.Second,
+		// accept 5 concurrent connections max.
+		MaxClients:	5,
+	}, eh)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to create server: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// start accepting client connections
+	// note that Start() returns as soon as the server is started
+	err = server.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to start server: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// increment a 32-bit uptime counter every second.
+	// (this counter is exposed as input registers 200-201 for demo purposes)
+	ticker	= time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		<-ticker.C
+
+		// since the handler methods are called from multiple goroutines,
+		// use locking where appropriate to avoid concurrency issues.
+		eh.lock.Lock()
+		eh.uptime++
+		eh.lock.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	// never reached
+	return
+}
+
+// Example handler object, passed to the NewServer() constructor above.
+type exampleHandler struct {
+	// this lock is used to avoid concurrency issues between goroutines, as
+	// handler methods are called from different goroutines
+	// (1 goroutine per client)
+	lock		sync.RWMutex
+
+	// simple uptime counter, incremented in the main() above and exposed
+	// as a 32-bit input register (2 consecutive 16-bit modbus registers).
+	uptime		uint32
+
+	// these are here to hold client-provided (written) values, for both coils and
+	// holding registers
+	coils		[100]bool
+	holdingReg1	uint16
+	holdingReg2	uint16
+
+	// this is a 16-bit signed integer
+	holdingReg3	int16
+
+	// this is a 32-bit unsigned integer
+	holdingReg4	uint32
+}
+
+// Coil handler method.
+// This method gets called whenever a valid modbus request asking for a coil operation is
+// received by the server.
+// It exposes 100 read/writable coils at addresses 0-99, except address 80 which is
+// read-only.
+// (read them with ./modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 rc:0+99, write to register n
+// with ./modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 wr:n:<true|false>)
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleCoils(req *modbus.CoilsRequest) (res []bool, err error) {
+	if req.UnitId != 1 {
+		// only accept unit ID #1
+		// note: we're merely filtering here, but we could as well use the unit
+		// ID field to support multiple register maps in a single server.
+		err	= modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+		return
+	}
+
+	// make sure that all registers covered by this request actually exist
+	if int(req.Addr) + int(req.Quantity) > len(eh.coils) {
+		err = modbus.ErrIllegalDataAddress
+		return
+	}
+
+	// since we're manipulating variables shared between multiple goroutines,
+	// acquire a lock to avoid concurrency issues.
+	eh.lock.Lock()
+	// release the lock upon return
+	defer eh.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// loop through `req.Quantity` registers, from address `req.Addr` to
+	// `req.Addr + req.Quantity - 1`, which here is conveniently `req.Addr + i`
+	for i := 0; i < int(req.Quantity); i++ {
+		// ignore the write if the current register address is 80
+		if req.IsWrite && int(req.Addr) + i != 80 {
+			// assign the value 
+			eh.coils[int(req.Addr) + i] = req.Args[i]
+		}
+		// append the value of the requested register to res so they can be
+		// sent back to the client
+		res	= append(res, eh.coils[int(req.Addr) + i])
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Discrete input handler method.
+// Note that we're returning ErrIllegalFunction unconditionally.
+// This will cause the client to receive "illegal function", which is the modbus way of
+// reporting that this server does not support/implement the discrete input type.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleDiscreteInputs(req *modbus.DiscreteInputsRequest) (res []bool, err error) {
+	// this is the equivalent of saying
+	// "discrete inputs are not supported by this device"
+	// (try it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 rdi:1)
+	err	= modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Holding register handler method.
+// This method gets called whenever a valid modbus request asking for a holding register
+// operation (either read or write) received by the server.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleHoldingRegisters(req *modbus.HoldingRegistersRequest) (res []uint16, err error) {
+	var regAddr	uint16
+
+	if req.UnitId != 1 {
+		// only accept unit ID #1
+		err	= modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+		return
+	}
+
+	// since we're manipulating variables shared between multiple goroutines,
+	// acquire a lock to avoid concurrency issues.
+	eh.lock.Lock()
+	// release the lock upon return
+	defer eh.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// loop through `quantity` registers
+	for i := 0; i < int(req.Quantity); i++ {
+		// compute the target register address
+		regAddr	= req.Addr + uint16(i)
+
+		switch regAddr {
+		// expose the static, read-only value of 0xff00 in register 100
+		case 100:
+			res = append(res, 0xff00)
+
+		// expose holdingReg1 in register 101 (RW)
+		case 101:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				eh.holdingReg1	= req.Args[i]
+			}
+			res = append(res, eh.holdingReg1)
+
+		// expose holdingReg2 in register 102 (RW)
+		case 102:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				// only accept values 2 and 4
+				switch req.Args[i] {
+				case 2, 4:
+					eh.holdingReg2	= req.Args[i]
+
+					// make note of the change (e.g. for auditing purposes)
+					fmt.Printf("%s set reg#102 to %v\n", req.ClientAddr, eh.holdingReg2)
+				default:
+					// if the written value is neither 2 nor 4,
+					// return a modbus "illegal data value" to
+					// let the client know that the value is
+					// not acceptable.
+					err = modbus.ErrIllegalDataValue
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			res = append(res, eh.holdingReg2)
+
+		// expose eh.holdingReg3 in register 103 (RW)
+		// note: eh.holdingReg3 is a signed 16-bit integer
+		case 103:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				// cast the 16-bit unsigned integer passed by the server
+				// to a 16-bit signed integer when writing
+				eh.holdingReg3	= int16(req.Args[i])
+			}
+			// cast the 16-bit signed integer from the handler to a 16-bit unsigned
+			// integer so that we can append it to `res`.
+			res = append(res, uint16(eh.holdingReg3))
+
+
+		// expose the 16 most-significant bits of eh.holdingReg4 in register 200
+		case 200:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				eh.holdingReg4	=
+					((uint32(req.Args[i]) << 16) & 0xffff0000 |
+					 (eh.holdingReg4 & 0x0000ffff))
+			}
+			res = append(res, uint16((eh.holdingReg4 >> 16) & 0x0000ffff))
+
+		// expose the 16 least-significant bits of eh.holdingReg4 in register 201
+		case 201:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				eh.holdingReg4	=
+					(uint32(req.Args[i]) & 0x0000ffff |
+					 (eh.holdingReg4 & 0xffff0000))
+			}
+			res = append(res, uint16(eh.holdingReg4 & 0x0000ffff))
+
+
+		// any other address is unknown
+		default:
+			err = modbus.ErrIllegalDataAddress
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Input register handler method.
+// This method gets called whenever a valid modbus request asking for an input register
+// operation is received by the server.
+// Note that input registers are always read-only as per the modbus spec.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleInputRegisters(req *modbus.InputRegistersRequest) (res []uint16, err error) {
+	var unixTs_s	uint32
+	var minusOne	int16 = -1
+
+	if req.UnitId != 1 {
+		// only accept unit ID #1
+		err	= modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+		return
+	}
+
+	// get the current unix timestamp, converted as a 32-bit unsigned integer for
+	// simplicity
+	unixTs_s	= uint32(time.Now().Unix() & 0xffffffff)
+
+	// loop through all register addresses from req.addr to req.addr + req.Quantity - 1
+	for regAddr := req.Addr; regAddr < req.Addr + req.Quantity; regAddr++ {
+		switch regAddr {
+		case 100:
+			// return the static value 0x1111 at address 100, as an unsigned
+			// 16-bit integer
+			// (read it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 ri:uint16:100)
+			res	= append(res, 0x1111)
+
+		case 101:
+			// return the static value -1 at address 101, as a signed 16-bit
+			// integer
+			// (read it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 ri:int16:101)
+			res	= append(res, uint16(minusOne))
+
+
+		// expose our uptime counter, encoded as a 32-bit unsigned integer in
+		// input registers 200-201
+		// (read it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 ri:uint32:200)
+		case 200:
+			// return the 16 most significant bits of the uptime counter
+			// (using locking to avoid concurrency issues)
+			eh.lock.RLock()
+			res	= append(res, uint16((eh.uptime >> 16) & 0xffff))
+			eh.lock.RUnlock()
+
+		case 201:
+			// return the 16 least significant bits of the uptime counter
+			// (again, using locking to avoid concurrency issues)
+			eh.lock.RLock()
+			res	= append(res, uint16(eh.uptime & 0xffff))
+			eh.lock.RUnlock()
+
+
+		// expose the current unix timestamp, encoded as a 32-bit unsigned integer
+		// in input registers 202-203
+		// (read it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 ri:uint32:202)
+		case 202:
+			// return the 16 most significant bits of the current unix time
+			res	= append(res, uint16((unixTs_s >> 16) & 0xffff))
+
+		case 203:
+			// return the 16 least significant bits of the current unix time
+			res	= append(res, uint16(unixTs_s & 0xffff))
+
+
+		// return 3.1415, encoded as a 32-bit floating point number in input
+		// registers 300-301
+		// (read it with modbus-cli --target tcp://localhost:5502 ri:float32:300)
+		case 300:
+			// returh the 16 most significant bits of the number
+			res	= append(res, uint16((math.Float32bits(3.1415) >> 16) & 0xffff))
+
+		case 301:
+			// returh the 16 least significant bits of the number
+			res	= append(res, uint16((math.Float32bits(3.1415)) & 0xffff))
+
+
+		// attempting to access any input register address other than
+		// those defined above will result in an illegal data address
+		// exception client-side.
+		default:
+			err	= modbus.ErrIllegalDataAddress
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
--- a/examples/tls_client.go
+++ b/examples/tls_client.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/simonvetter/modbus"
+)
+
+/*
+ * Modbus client with TLS example.
+ *
+ * This file is intended to be a demo of the modbus client in TCP+TLS
+ * mode. It shows how to load certificates from files and how to
+ * configure the client to use them.
+ */
+
+func main() {
+	var client         *modbus.ModbusClient
+	var err            error
+	var clientKeyPair  tls.Certificate
+	var serverCertPool *x509.CertPool
+	var regs           []uint16
+
+	// load the client certificate and its associated private key, which
+	// are used to authenticate the client to the server
+	clientKeyPair, err = tls.LoadX509KeyPair(
+		"certs/client.cert.pem", "certs/client.key.pem")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to load client key pair: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// load either the server certificate or the certificate of the CA
+	// (Certificate Authority) which signed the server certificate
+	serverCertPool, err = modbus.LoadCertPool("certs/server.cert.pem")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to load server certificate/CA: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// create a client targetting host secure-plc on port 802 using
+	// modbus TCP over TLS (MBAPS)
+	client, err = modbus.NewClient(&modbus.ClientConfiguration{
+		// tcp+tls is the moniker for MBAPS (modbus/tcp encapsulated in
+		// TLS),
+		// 802/tcp is the IANA-registered port for MBAPS.
+		URL:           "tcp+tls://secure-plc:802",
+		// set the client-side cert and key
+		TLSClientCert: &clientKeyPair,
+		// set the server/CA certificate
+		TLSRootCAs:    serverCertPool,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to create modbus client: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// now that the client is created and configured, attempt to connect
+	err = client.Open()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to connect: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(2)
+	}
+
+	// read two 16-bit holding registers at address 0x4000
+	regs, err = client.ReadRegisters(0x4000, 2, modbus.HOLDING_REGISTER)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to read registers 0x4000 and 0x4001: %v\n", err)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("register 0x4000: 0x%04x\n", regs[0])
+		fmt.Printf("register 0x4001: 0x%04x\n", regs[1])
+	}
+
+	// set register 0x4002 to 500
+	err = client.WriteRegister(0x4002, 500)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to write to register 0x4002: %v\n", err)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("set register 0x4002 to 500\n")
+	}
+
+	// close the connection
+	err = client.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to close connection: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	os.Exit(0)
+}
--- a/examples/tls_server.go
+++ b/examples/tls_server.go
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/simonvetter/modbus"
+)
+
+/* Modbus TCP+TLS (MBAPS or Modbus Security) server example.
+ *
+ * This file is intended to be a demo of the modbus server in a tcp+tls
+ * configuration.
+ * It shows how to configure and start a server, as well as how to use
+ * client roles to perform authorization in the handler.
+ * Feel free to use it as boilerplate for simple servers.
+ *
+ * This server simulates a simple wall clock device, exposing a 32-bit unix
+ * timestamp in holding registers #0 and 1.
+ * The timestamp is incremented every second by the main loop.
+ *
+ * Access control is done by way of Modbus Roles, which are encoded in the
+ * client certificate as an X509 extension:
+ * - any client can read the clock regardless of their role, provided that their
+ *   certificate is accepted by the server,
+ * - only clients with the "operator" role specified in their certificate can
+ *   set the time.
+ *
+ * Certificates with no, invalid or multiple Modbus Role extensions will have
+ * their role set to an empty string (req.ClientRole == "").
+ *
+ * Requests from clients with certificates not passing TLS verification are
+ * rejected at the TLS layer (i.e. before reaching the Modbus layer).
+ *
+ *
+ * The following commands can be used to create self-signed server and client
+ * certificates:
+ * $ mkdir certs
+ *
+ * create the server key pair:
+ * $ openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -days 360 -nodes \
+ *   -keyout certs/server.key.pem -out certs/server.cert.pem \
+ *   -subj "/CN=TEST SERVER CERT DO NOT USE/" -addext "subjectAltName=DNS:localhost" \
+ *   -addext "keyUsage=keyCertSign,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment" \
+ *   -addext "extendedKeyUsage=critical,serverAuth"
+ *
+ * create a client certificate with the "user" role:
+ * $ openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -days 360 -nodes \
+ *   -keyout certs/user-client.key.pem -out certs/user-client.cert.pem \
+ *   -subj "/CN=TEST CLIENT CERT DO NOT USE/" \
+ *   -addext "keyUsage=keyCertSign,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment" \
+ *   -addext "extendedKeyUsage=critical,clientAuth" \
+ *   -addext "1.3.6.1.4.1.50316.802.1=ASN1:UTF8String:user"
+ *
+ * create another client certificate with the "operator" role:
+ * $ openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -days 360 -nodes \
+ *   -keyout certs/operator-client.key.pem -out certs/operator-client.cert.pem \
+ *   -subj "/CN=TEST CLIENT CERT DO NOT USE/" \
+ *   -addext "keyUsage=keyCertSign,digitalSignature,keyEncipherment" \
+ *   -addext "extendedKeyUsage=critical,clientAuth" \
+ *   -addext "1.3.6.1.4.1.50316.802.1=ASN1:UTF8String:operator"
+ *
+ * create a file containing both client certificates (for use by the server as an
+ * 'allowed client list'):
+ * $ cat certs/user-client.cert.pem certs/operator-client.cert.pem >certs/clients.cert.pem
+ *
+ * start the server:
+ * $ go run examples/tls_server.go
+ *
+ * in another shell, read the clock with modbus-cli as the 'user' role:
+ * $ go run cmd/modbus-cli.go --target tcp+tls://localhost:5802 --cert certs/user-client.cert.pem \
+ *   --key certs/user-client.key.pem --ca certs/server.cert.pem rh:uint32:0
+ *
+ * attempting to set the clock as 'user' should fail with Illegal Function:
+ * $ go run cmd/modbus-cli.go --target tcp+tls://localhost:5802 --cert certs/user-client.cert.pem \
+ *   --key certs/user-client.key.pem --ca certs/server.cert.pem wr:uint32:0:1598692358
+ *
+ * setting the clock as 'operator' should succeed:
+ * $ go run cmd/modbus-cli.go --target tcp+tls://localhost:5802 --cert certs/operator-client.cert.pem \
+ *   --key certs/operator-client.key.pem --ca certs/server.cert.pem wr:uint32:0:1598692358
+ *
+ * reading the cock as 'operator' should also work:
+ * $ go run cmd/modbus-cli.go --target tcp+tls://localhost:5802 --cert certs/operator-client.cert.pem \
+ *   --key certs/operator-client.key.pem --ca certs/server.cert.pem rh:uint32:0
+ */
+
+func main() {
+	var err            error
+	var eh             *exampleHandler
+	var server         *modbus.ModbusServer
+	var serverKeyPair  tls.Certificate
+	var clientCertPool *x509.CertPool
+	var ticker         *time.Ticker
+
+	// create the handler object
+	eh = &exampleHandler{}
+
+	// load the server certificate and its associated private key, which
+	// are used to authenticate the server to the client.
+	// note that a tls.Certificate object can contain both the cert and its key,
+	// which is the case here.
+	serverKeyPair, err = tls.LoadX509KeyPair(
+		"certs/server.cert.pem", "certs/server.key.pem")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to load server key pair: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// load TLS client authentication material, which could either be:
+	// - the CA (Certificate Authority) certificate(s) used to sign client certs,
+	// - the list of allowed client certs, if client certificates are self-signed or
+	//   if client certificate pinning is required.
+	clientCertPool, err = modbus.LoadCertPool("certs/clients.cert.pem")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to load CA/client certificates: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// create the server object
+	server, err = modbus.NewServer(&modbus.ServerConfiguration{
+		// listen on localhost port 5802
+		URL:           "tcp+tls://localhost:5802",
+		// accept 10 concurrent connections max.
+		MaxClients:    10,
+		// close idle connections after 1min of inactivity
+		Timeout:       60 * time.Second,
+		// use serverKeyPair as server certificate + server private key
+		TLSServerCert: &serverKeyPair,
+		// use the client cert/CA pool to verify client certificates
+		TLSClientCAs:  clientCertPool,
+	}, eh)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to create server: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// start accepting client connections
+	// note that Start() returns as soon as the server is started
+	err = server.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to start server: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("server started")
+
+	ticker	= time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		<-ticker.C
+
+		// increment the clock every second.
+		// lock the handler object while updating the clock register to avoid
+		// concurrency issues as each client is served from a dedicated goroutine.
+		eh.lock.Lock()
+		eh.clock++
+		eh.lock.Unlock()
+	}
+
+	// never reached
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Example handler object, passed to the NewServer() constructor above.
+type exampleHandler struct {
+	// this lock is used to avoid concurrency issues between goroutines, as
+	// handler methods are called from different goroutines
+	// (1 goroutine per client)
+	lock  sync.RWMutex
+
+	// unix timestamp register, incremented in the main() function above and exposed
+	// as a 32-bit holding register (2 consecutive 16-bit modbus registers).
+	clock uint32
+}
+
+// Holding register handler method.
+// This method gets called whenever a valid modbus request asking for a holding register
+// operation is received by the server.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleHoldingRegisters(req *modbus.HoldingRegistersRequest) (res []uint16, err error) {
+	var regAddr	uint16
+
+	// require the "operator" role for write operations (i.e. set the clock).
+	if req.IsWrite && req.ClientRole != "operator" {
+		fmt.Printf("write access denied: client %s missing the 'operator' role (role: '%s')\n",
+			req.ClientAddr, req.ClientRole)
+		err = modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+		return
+	}
+
+	// since we're manipulating variables accessed from multiple goroutines,
+	// acquire a lock to avoid concurrency issues.
+	eh.lock.Lock()
+	// release the lock upon return
+	defer eh.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// loop through `quantity` registers
+	for i := 0; i < int(req.Quantity); i++ {
+		// compute the target register address
+		regAddr	= req.Addr + uint16(i)
+
+		switch regAddr {
+		// expose the 16 most-significant bits of the clock in register #0
+		case 0:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				eh.clock =
+					((uint32(req.Args[i]) << 16) & 0xffff0000 |
+					 (eh.clock & 0x0000ffff))
+			}
+			res = append(res, uint16((eh.clock >> 16) & 0x0000ffff))
+
+		// expose the 16 least-significant bits of the clock in register #1
+		case 1:
+			if req.IsWrite {
+				eh.clock =
+					(uint32(req.Args[i]) & 0x0000ffff |
+					 (eh.clock & 0xffff0000))
+			}
+			res = append(res, uint16(eh.clock & 0x0000ffff))
+
+		// any other address is unknown
+		default:
+			err = modbus.ErrIllegalDataAddress
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// input registers are not used by this server.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleInputRegisters(req *modbus.InputRegistersRequest) (res []uint16, err error) {
+	// this is the equivalent of saying
+	// "input registers are not supported by this device"
+	err = modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+	return
+}
+
+// coils are not used by this server.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleCoils(req *modbus.CoilsRequest) (res []bool, err error) {
+	// this is the equivalent of saying
+	// "coils are not supported by this device"
+	err = modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+	return
+}
+
+// discrete inputs are not used by this server.
+func (eh *exampleHandler) HandleDiscreteInputs(req *modbus.DiscreteInputsRequest) (res []bool, err error) {
+	// this is the equivalent of saying
+	// "discrete inputs are not supported by this device"
+	err = modbus.ErrIllegalFunction
+	return
+}